Media Is A Dumping Ground For Horrible Information

BREAKING NEWS! Today’s media is a dumping ground for terrible information. We live in a society where news is available everywhere and anything can become news in the matter of an instant. Whether it is the latest shark attack on the coast of North Carolina, a celebration of equality, or the following of presidential candidates, all of the information is available at the push of a button. This rapid sharing of information can easily become very unreliable. In addition, the vast number of news and/or media outlets can share the exact same story without ever disclosing the same information. The ease of gathering information is immediately tarnished with the knowledge that what is being revealed is typically only a small piece of what the actual story is. Unfortunately, gathering information on the latest headlines is usually cut short well before one can fully understand the true story. Although great in theory, the validity of mass media is cut short with the abundance of probl ems that arise when presenting the latest stories. As a result of highly differentiated media outlets, a strong bias may be formed within a source. Bias is one of the biggest problems in the delivery of information to the general public. Although not necessarily bad, this cannot only question the reliability of the article, but the source as a whole. According to Tim Groseclose and Jeffrey Milyo, who conducted research on media bias, â€Å"the definition [of bias] has nothing to do with honesty or accuracyShow MoreRelatedBetter Living Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pagesof this is the power plant that is within a very short area of our homes that we live in here in the school environment. I was particularly interested in this subject of the old power stations that are dumping large amounts of pollutants and toxins into the air we breath not to mention the ground that we get our vital water and possibly plant life for consumption. This hit home with me as I live in Fall River and I am m uch closer to the power plant and might be affected that much more so due to myRead MoreEssay on A Better Earth4696 Words   |  19 Pagesscenario well depicts what is happening to our planet, dirty air, global warning, polluted waters, and toxic wastes are just a few of the maldies of our very ill earth. Like the doctors mentioned above, the experts are in a quandary as to what to do. The media regularly call attention to the earths poor health with such headlines and captions as Blast fishing turns sea-beds into Killing fields. A Billion Asians could be parched in 24 years. Forty million tons of toxic trash a year trades globally.Read MoreLas 432 Research Paper: Gmos20901 Words   |  84 Pagespolitical and social issues, all of which will be discussed in depth. Among other things, this report also addresses the environmental, economic and psychological impact that Genetically Modified Organisms and the science of them have on the world. Media influences and the cultural persp ective is also addresses within this report. The topics of ethics and morality are often included in topics of discussion and Genetically Modified Organisms are not excluded in this group. This report addresses theseRead MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 Pagesrenewed their campaign to both get justice for the survivors as well as cleaning up of the hazardous waste. This compilation of selected news stories covering the last four years is a small effort to highlight this campaign as reported by the mainstream media. For an in-depth understanding of the issues see www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/indepth/term/2542. A comprehensive collection of these up-to-date news clippings, research papers, lab studies, reports, documents, opinions and court judgments etcRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38421 Words   |  154 PagesTHE IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON SOCIETY James Burke Jules Bergman Isaac Asimov NASA SP-482 THE IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON SOCIETY James Burke Jules Bergman Isaac Asimov Prepared by Langley Research Center Scientific and Technical Information Branch 1985 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC Library of Congress Cataloging in PublicationData Burke, James, 1936The impact of science on society. (NASA SP ; 482) Series of lectures given at a public lecture series sponsoredRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38427 Words   |  154 PagesTHE IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON SOCIETY James Burke Jules Bergman Isaac Asimov NASA SP-482 THE IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON SOCIETY James Burke Jules Bergman Isaac Asimov Prepared by Langley Research Center Scientific and Technical Information Branch 1985 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC Library of Congress Cataloging in PublicationData Burke, James, 1936The impact of science on society. (NASA SP ; 482) Series of lectures given at a public lecture series sponsored by NASA andRead MoreFor Against by L.G. Alexander31987 Words   |  128 Pagesdivided into two parts. The top half consists of a list of numbered key words and notes summarising the argument put forward in the essay. The lower half of the page consists of key words and notes summarising the counter-argument: this information is not derived from the essay. Brackets appear beside the notes. These are intended to catch the student s eye when he is speaking impromptu from the notes. The brackets conveniently group together the main sub-divisions in the argument and counterargument

The World Of The United States - 818 Words

This is my fourth times. I arrived in United States on July twentieth 2000. The air was very dried and extremely sizzling. United States’ unwelcoming was just great because Korea and America temperature was totally opposite. I often visited America because my relatives were settled here before I was born. My father side of the families came to the United States 40 years ago and my father received education in the United States. I did not know if I was going to settle in the United States until my father was sick and disappeared. I often visited America when I was really young. One reason why I was visiting the United States was because my father wanted me to travel the world. He told me it is good experience to visit different part of the world. I visited different side of the world and America was not a great place to live because I had a difficulty to communicate with other people. I met many different people in the United States and all these people had their own culture. It was September 2000, I first attend an elementary school in San Diego. It was very rainy day and my heart was also raining because I was so upset. I met my principal and he assigned me to kindergarten classroom because I was way behind compared to my ages. I was fourth grade when I was sitting with those kindergarteners. I was so shamed to study with those little kids so I promised myself that I will get out of this classroom soon as possible. In 2001, my father received notice from the hospital thatShow MoreRelatedThe World Of The United States Essay1375 Words   |  6 PagesBeing the third largest religion in the United States, as of 2016 there are 3.3 million Muslims that make up the total U.S. population. American Muslims come from all different backgrounds including converts from other religions and ethnicities other than Arabian. The U.S. Census Bureau does not ask religious affiliation so there is no official government count of the U.S. Muslim population. However, The Pew Research Center estimates that the total Muslim population will double by 2050 (Mohamed)Read MoreThe World Of The United States1247 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica has set itself as a global hegemon in our unipolar world. In order to be called a world leader the United States has been through many conflicts that would rather have no direct threat to national security. What makes America so powerful are their allies and cooperative structure. However, recent complications have seen America lose a lot of its influence on the global stage and a rise of influence in other actors. Within the next 20 years there’s going to be a divergence of power and ourRead MoreUnited States as a World Superpower1157 Words   |  5 PagesAshley Torgerson Dr. Brown International Relations 2nd May, 2012 United States as a World Superpower The rising to the status of world super power does not happen overnight. To explore the journey to the top, we must recognize the struggles and obstacles that were overcome. As Americans we can proudly say that we live in a country with globally recognized supremacy. As stated earlier, it was not an easy title to obtain. Looking back throughout history we can see specific examples of how weRead MoreThe New World Of The United States1011 Words   |  5 Pagesthe United States was the world’s only military superpower which lead to the idea that America should take the lead in establishing the â€Å"new world order†, one which would be dominated by the United States and their allies. Because of this, American diplomats and officials were faced with regional, religious and ethnic conflicts that, as Huntington argues, could not be easily solved. During this time the United States were making major decisions about the layout and status of the new world orderRead MoreThe United States And The World Of Education2000 Words   |  8 PagesThe United States is currently ranked seventeenth in the developed world of education. (The Huffington Post) Finland is ranked one of the highest on this scale which raises the question as to what the United States does differently to fall so far behind. One of the key differences is homework and the lack thereof. Finland believes that large amounts of homework are detrimental to a student’s education. (Doyle) Why would the United States choose not to emulate this tested and proven system? That isRead MoreUnited States And The Modern World2058 Words   |  9 Pagesillegal harvesting (â€Å"Corruption and the Environment†). The modern world has become so reliant on wood products that at the current rate of deforestation there will soon be no forests left to enjoy. Governments refrain from making their clear-cutting plans public to avoid scrutiny. With governments very unlikely to change their policies, unless monetary gain is guaranteed, it is on the people of the United States and the rest of the world to reinforce positive environmental consciousness. If people wereRead MoreComparison Of The United States Position In The World798 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States Position in the World Many leading political analysts have agreed that the Trump presidency has marked a change in the American publics opinion on United States involvement in the rest of the world, the first shift post-Cold War. They are in agreement that Trump’s rhetoric has been reminiscent of the â€Å"American First† movement that supported an anti-interventionist policy pre-World War 2, but they are decidedly not in agreement about where the United States should go from here. SomeRead MoreThe Politics Of The United States World Revolution923 Words   |  4 Pagesthe independence of the United States in 1776, the new nation needed to establish and decide their global affairs. Since then the leaders of the United States from 1789 George Washington to 1823 James Monroe, which included the Federalists and the Jeffersonian parties. The United States was designed in their policies to ultimately benefit the United States and promote themselves in international affairs, to be considered as a new power in the world. The united states world policies were designed toRead MoreThe World War One Of The United States1692 Words   |  7 Pagesprogressing through life trying to find its place in this vast world. During the time periods of 1914-1945, 1950-1970, and 1971- 1990, there have been many factors that have helped induce its growth including: recognition due to military achievements, its international relationship with the United States, and uniting as one country. Through these times of hardship and glory Canada has succeeded in finding its autonomous identity in the world, as a â€Å"middle power†. Throughout the time periods of 1914-1945Read MoreThe United States Into World War I855 Words   |  4 PagesThe First World War was once one of the most harmful and deadliest wars of all time. A few countries participated within the battle together with Russia, Great Britain, Germany, and France. When the European nations went to war, Americans wanted nothing to do with the war. The twenty-eighth U.S. president Woodrow Wilson, led America through World War I. Wilson was a college professor, university president and Democratic governor of New Jersey before winning the White House in 1912. Woodrow Wilson

Gender based difference in managerial styles Essay

Executive Summary This report looks at several researches that have studied the managerial styles of males and females with an attempt to define perceived differences between them. In addition discussed are the results from studies on the effectiveness of managers between the two genders. The results of these studies have been analyzed through readings of several researches and personal experiences of the students doing this report. Studies say both genders are at least equally effective in the business world and that success is affected by diverse individual factors and has very less to do with gender. Commonly held perceptions of males being more effective managers are not only a loss to the female manager, but a loss to the†¦show more content†¦The discussion between the team members included an example of two managers (one male and one female), coming from similar cultural backgrounds, in the same organization, with about the same level of experience, managing (almost) the same team, in similar business situations, over different periods. Another notable, example used was between two managers from different organizations but from the same (Tourism) industry and at similar designations and responsibilities. The presence of both genders in the team evenhanded the debate well. The report and its conclusions we believe are well-balanced and a result of - studying and scrutinizing several researches in detail and hours spent discussing, brainstorming and intelligent probing of views and experiences Democratic Vs Autocratic Management styles Several studies reviewed either conclude, state or at least hint that women managers adopt a more participatory management style. This can be partly substantiated by one such extensive meta-analysis of 162 studies by Eagly and Johnson (1990: 108, 233-256). They concluded one major difference in leadership style is that women tend to have a more democratic approach, with more collaboration and sharing of decision-making, while men tend to be more autocratic and directive. There is a strong consensus amongst the group members that the level of participatory management styleShow MoreRelatedEssay about Gender Based Difference in Managerial Styles3579 Words   |  15 Pagesreport looks at several researches that have studied the managerial styles of males and females with an attempt to define perceived differences between them. In addition discussed are the results from studies on the effectiveness of managers between the two genders. The results of these studies have been analyzed through readings of several researches and personal experiences of the students doing this report. Studies say both genders are at least equally effective in the business world and thatRead MoreThe Impact Of Management On The Globalization Of Business849 Words   |  4 Pagestopics: the multinational corporation; culture shock experienced by managers who work abroad; fair trade issues; ethical issues faced by managers in dealing with international business; the difference managerial styles in selected countries (for example Japan vs. the U.S. or Saudi Arabia vs. the U.S.); and the managerial culture of a selected country. Before going into the impact’s details, management is the act of getting things done through others while globalization (or globalization of business) isRead MoreThe Gift of Leadership1419 Words   |  6 Pagesleadership style is best suited for the situation. According to contingency theory, no leadership style is best for all situations. It depends on the qualities of followers and aspects of situation. Situational theory: In situational theory, the leader chooses the best style based on situational variables. For example, in a group the leader is the most experienced and knowledgeable person, he uses authoritative style. Participative theory: This theory suggests that the ideal leadership style is theRead MoreEssay on Women and Men in Leadership1424 Words   |  6 Pagesworkplace. There are multiple differences including race, gender, generations, and thinking styles. Many historical events have occurred that have cleared the way to analyze these differences of men and women in the workplace. These gender differences are likely to exist in the way men and women influence, communicate, and lead. The male and female gender has always been viewed as two unique and different sets of people. It is perceived that males and females have different styles when it comes to leadershipRead MoreA Woman s Leadership Style1305 Words   |  6 Pagesrespect or appreciation, but at the same time motherhood responsibilities stayed the same. It is believed that biologically females are more sensitive, emotional and self-critical than men (Brooks, 2011). A woman’s leadership style is more like mentoring and coaching, while a man’s style is centered on command and control. As a result, women are more likely to be transformational leaders, helping employees develop their skills and talents, motivating them, and coaching to be more creative (American PsychologicalRead MoreRelationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Transformational Leadership Essay1514 Words   |  7 Pages(EI) and transformational leadership style was examined in order to determine whether EI scores could be used to predict transformational leadership style. In addition, gender differences in the relat ionship between EI and transformational leadership were examined to determine if there is a significant interaction of gender and emotional intelligence. This research is important, because transformational leadership has been found to be the most effective style of leadership. Therefore, if EI can predictRead MoreComparison Of Herrmann Brain Dominance Indicator1203 Words   |  5 Pages Leadership and Gender Herrmann Brain Dominance Indicator Executive Summary: This journal seeks to discuss recent identifications and explanations of gender differences in leadership, behaviour effectiveness in organizations. The models are reviewed based on their contribution and arguments, contextual issues of international and national as well, stereotype and perception of superior and subordinate roles are reviewed and discussed. Rational differences are reviewed andRead MoreDoes Gender Affect The Ability Of An Individual? Become An Effective Leader?1486 Words   |  6 PagesDoes gender affect the ability of an individual to become an effective leader? Some researchers believe that effective leaders are just born while others believe that effective leadership can be learned. But few of these researchers discuss the difference that gender may make in becoming good leaders. When we take a look back through history, we can see that the evaluation of women leaders was slow. Today, only 2.4 percent (Gettings, Johnson, Brunner, Frantz, 2009) of the Fortune 5 00 Company sRead MoreDiscussing The Playing Field Of Gender And Communication1541 Words   |  7 PagesGender and Communication Eftagine Fevilien Miami Dade College Author Note Generalizations that can be valued when communicating across the gender line. Abstract Men and women practice enormously different identities and communication curriculums, even if they are raised by the same parents, well sophisticated in the same faculties, have the same career and live in similar state. The reason for that is because there are dissimilar rules of communication that are distinctive to each other. These instructionsRead MoreResearch On Japanese Organizational Behavior890 Words   |  4 Pagesorganizational behavior by Nordic (Finland, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) expatriate and compared with the Nordic style of management. The organizational behavior in the business is vastly influenced by the Japanese culture and tradition. In order to understand the organizational behavior, one needs look through the prism of the social and cultural environment. Japanese management system is based on the job for life, enterprise unionism, collective decision making, the seniority system, and paternalism

Sociological Theories of Suicide - 1478 Words

Paper Proposal: Sociological Theories of Suicide SOC 101 Introduction Suicide is the act of killing yourself. It is the 11th leading cause of death in America (CDC 2009). I have never had any intentions on committing suicide and I never really understood why people commit suicide that’s why I chose this topic to help me understand what problems people go through that makes them do such a thing. Sociology is the study of social behavior and the culture of humans. There are numerous reasons like financial stress, family problems or mental health disorders that lead to suicide. The number one cause of suicide is untreated depression. The issues that were just listed are some social conditions from society that results in a suicidal†¦show more content†¦Durkheim was very famous for his study of suicide. He defined the four types of suicide and supported his theory that changes in nonmaterial social facts cause differences in suicide rates. Durkheim’s theory consisted of finding a problem which was suicide. He then came up with a dependent variable which was the suicide rate. The social forces became the independent variable. The hypothesis would be what the suicide rate would vary with. When he collected his date Durkheim would go into detail about each individuals life and any uprising problems that he could find. He would then analyze the data into four categories which are the three most common types of suicide (egoistic suicide, altruistic suicide and anomic suicide). After looking at the date and matching it up with the proper suicide type Durkheim would then draw conclusions or form a theory. These are the details of the three most common suicides. Egoistic suicide is committed by people who are weak and supported by membership in a cohesive social group. They start to depend a huge amount on themselves than on group goals and rules of conduct to sustain them in their lives. When stressful times are around they feel isolated and helpless. Altruistic suicide is committed by people who are extremely committed to group norms and objectives and who notice their own lives as insignificant. These suicides involved dying for some type of cause. AnomicShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of the sociological imagination and its use in sociology.1483 Words   |  6 PagesSociological Imagnation The sociological imagination is the ability to look at the everyday world and understand how it operates in order to make sense of their lives. It is a state of mind, which enables us to think critically about and understand the society in which we live, and our place in that world as individuals and as a whole. C. Wright Mills, first wrote of the concept in 1959. His understanding of it being that it was a quest for sociological understanding involving a form of consciousnessRead MoreCanada in a Youth Suicide Crisis Situation Essay1532 Words   |  7 PagesCanada in a Youth Suicide Crisis Situation The idea of youth committing suicide mystifies our societal logic. We do not understand the reasons why youth -normally associated with energy, determination and possibilities- turn to such a final act as a solution. Suicide eventually enters all of our lives, either directly or indirectly. However, the situation becomes more cruel and unfair when a youth commits suicide. We can not help but think of the opportunities and potential lost so swiftlyRead MoreMarx, Weber And Durkheim s Views On The Social1385 Words   |  6 Pageslooked in suicide and how the different types of societies affected suicide rates for its individuals: (a) a society with low moral order leads to egoistic suicide because the individual is isolated and has weak ties with their social group, (b) an individual commits anomic suicide usually does so because they are feeling lost morally in their social group and they don’t know how to feel about their lives if something changes and (c) a society with hig h moral order leads to altruistic suicide becauseRead MoreSociology as a Perspective 1332 Words   |  6 PagesSociologist argue that â€Å"the sociological perspective is a way of thinking; a form of consciousness that challenges familiar understandings of ourselves and of others, so we can critically asses the truth commonly held assumptions† (Micionis and Plummer 2008:10). This essay supports this statement by analysing and discussing the significance of sociological perspective in our everyday lives. According to Peter L. Berger sociological perspective is described as the link between societal events andRead MoreWhat Aspects of Modernity Most Worried Durkheim?1556 Words   |  7 Pagesclassical way of sociological ideas. Modernity was a name given to a big idea, a big sociological theory, which consisted of lots of smaller ideas. It was a historical change, whereby more than two hundred years in the past, European societies underwent a significant and quite rapid chang e in all aspects of their social, cultural, political and economic lives (Fevre. R and Bancroft. A. 2010. P 27). Modernity meant that people started to question social phenomena; they started to create theories as to whyRead MoreSuicide Theories.758 Words   |  3 PagesThere are many different theories surrounding suicide. This essay shall briefly describe Durkheim s Sociological Theory of suicide and Freud s Psychoanalytic Theory. Psychological autopsies shall then be discussed which have contributed to Shneidman s shared characteristics of suicide. Suicide victims and prevention will also be discussed. Durkheim s Sociological Theory of suicide identifies three different types of suicide - egoistic, altruistic and anomic. Egoistic suicide victims feel that theyRead MoreSociology : A Sociological Perspective1292 Words   |  6 PagesHumanity(1856) Who is Karl Marx Born: May 5, 1818 in Trier, Prussia Death: March 14, 1883 due to cancer Became the editor for the newspaper called â€Å"Rheinische Zeitung† Wrote 355 articles for the New York Daily Socio-Political theory known as â€Å"Marxism† Marxs theories about politics, society, and economics Marx- Major Works Communist Manifesto- Most famous work The German Ideology (1845) Wage-Labor and Capital (1847) A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859) Capital (Das Kapital)Read MoreSociological Reflection1258 Words   |  6 Pagesimagine. To be more specific there were actually ten topics that I learned in this course that was very important to me. Those topics were: crime, deviance, bureaucracy, nature of science, philosophy, religion, common sense, scientific statements, sociological ideas, and core american values. 1.During the beginning of this semester we discussed the key characteristics of science how science was different from philosophy, how is science different from religion, make five scientific statements thatRead More Comparing Webers and Durkheims Methodological Contributions to Sociology1727 Words   |  7 Pagesboth Durkheims study of Suicide and also Webers study of The Protestant work ethic, and hopefully establish how each methodology was used for each particular piece of research, and why. Emile Durkhiem, in sociology terminology is considered to be a Functionalist, in addition to also being a Positivist, however, strictly speaking, Durkheim was not a Positivist. This is because he did not follow the positivist rule that states that sociological study should be confinedRead MoreSummary of Durkheims Sociological Theory958 Words   |  4 Pagespossible. Durkheim fully believed that sociology was more than just the accumulation of its parts. He focused on social facts instead of what motivates an individual human being. Collins notes that sociology is unified â€Å"around a quest for a general theory rather than merely a set of investigations of social problems or historical particulars† (Collins 186). We must not try and define sociology in terms of the historical context of events. Durkheim has a serious interest in distinguishing between

Inductive and Deductive Agruments Free Essays

Kurt Lieberknecht The similarities and difference between inductive and deductive arguments. The best way to describe the similarities and difference between inductive and deductive arguments, it would be best if the term â€Å"argument† had a definition. Everyday people have arguments. We will write a custom essay sample on Inductive and Deductive Agruments or any similar topic only for you Order Now For these everyday conversations â€Å"argument† means â€Å"dispute†. In this Logic class an argument consists of claims or statements followed by a final claim. The statements that articulates the reason for agreement of the final claim called â€Å"the premises† (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2007, Argument). This class uses this definition of â€Å"argument† to determine how to build a position on certain subjects, and reasoning to convince others to accept the final claim or conclusion (Hurley, P. A Concise Introduction to Logic  11/e, 2012, 2). If  more logical arguments were presented, there might be  fewer non-logical arguments or nonarguments. This gets to the main subject of comparing and contrasting inductive and deductive arguments. Statements can be considered arguments or nonarguments. Arguments can be either inductive or deductive. An argument leads to a conclusion led by a premise or premises. The premises can be true or false, in which case will change a deductive argument from sound to unsound and vice versa. The same is true for inductive arguments but the wording is cogent or uncogent. These arguments also have a terminology that describes them even further. A deductive argument can be valid or invalid, and an inductive argument can be strong or weak. Some of the biggest difference between the two includes; that an inductive argument includes new information into the argument to make the final conclusion, deductive arguments use repeating information to get to a conclusion, and wording (Smith, Mathew 2012, Logical Argument). The subject of what constitutes as an argument, it needs to consist of one or more premises and a conclusion (Hurley, P. A Concise Introduction to Logic   11/e, 2012, 14). When the premises present high-quality reasons to accept the conclusion it is stated that it is an argument. If the premises fail to support the conclusion it is still considered an argument as it has a premise and a conclusion. Being an argument does not always make the conclusion  true; that only predetermines that the conclusion follows from the premises. If  the premises are reasonable, and the final claim relates to the premises, the conclusion is very likely to be true (Hurley, 16). In other words, it is necessary for a statement to have a premise and a conclusion to be recognized as an argument in this Logic class. The argument needs to be checked if the premises are true or reasonable to  believe, and if the statements are clear. If all this is the case, it is a logical argument. If there logical argument that is deductive it is called sound. If there is a logical argument that is inductive it is called cogent. In a  deductive  argument, a person states that the conclusion must be correct  if, and only if, the premises are true. If the premises support the final claim, it is a  valid  argument: 1. Dogs have whiskers. 2. Animals with whiskers are mammals. C. Dogs are mammals. This is a deductive argument that is valid and has true premises it is called a  sound  argument. If the premises are false but the conclusion is true it is considered an unsound argument. This is a valid argument, but it is unsound. Here is an example. 1. All birds can fly. 2. A penguin is a bird. C. A penguin can fly. This is a valid argument because the premises support the conclusion, but a penguin clearly cannot fly. The premise â€Å"all birds can fly† is false making it an unsound argument. If a deductive argument has bad or incorrect logic, the premises do not support the conclusion even if the premises are true, the argument is  invalid. 1. All humans are mammals. 2. Mike’s dog is a mammal. C. Mike’s dog is a human. 1. When Tim takes a shower, Tim gets wet. 2. Tim is wet. C. Tim must have taken a shower. Both conclusions are false: Mike’s dog, clearly, is not a human, and Tim could have just fallen in a ditch, or even was sprayed by a water gun. These examples show that truth of the premises is irrelevant for the validity of an argument and that validity relies solely on the logical form and if the premises support the conclusion. When a deductive argument has false premises and a true conclusion or if it has true premises but bad logic, the argument is flawed and we should reject its conclusion. It is unsound. If a deductive argument is clear, valid  and has all true premises, it is a valid sound  argument and there is a reason to accept its conclusion. In an  inductive  argument, a person claims that the conclusion is true and it is highly likely if the premises are true. If an inductive argument is logical, we call it a  strong  argument. If an inductive argument has bad or incorrect logic, the argument is  weak. Here are a few examples: 1. Most students at a community college live within a 20 mile radius of the campus. 2. OJC is a community college. 3. Kurt is a student at OJC. C. He must live within a 20 mile radius of OJC. This conclusion is very probable because the premises are germane to the conclusion. Only because, all of the premises are true it is a cogent argument. We may say that this argument is true. . Taylor and Ana are both students at OJC. 2. Ana is tall and so is Taylor. 3. Ana and Taylor are both 20 years old. 4. Ana majors in math, and so does Taylor. 5. Ana is on the volleyball team. C. Taylor must be on the team, too. This conclusion comes from outer space, nowhere. There are no premises that pertain to our conclusion, except maybe that Ana and Taylor are both tall. This makes it an uncogent argument. The argument says not hing about athletic abilities, which Ana probably has because she is on the volleyball team. This does not mean that Taylor is athletic and can play volleyball. In order for an inductive argument to be strong and cogent, it should have reasonable and true premises that are relevant to the conclusion. If one or more premises are false it is a weak and uncogent argument. Reasonable people should believe the conclusions of sound and strong arguments because a sound or strong argument is that it is clear or defined as free from ambiguity or vagueness, has good logic  and  true premises (â€Å"The Traditional Square of Opposition,†Ã‚  Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). If an argument has good logic, its conclusion must be true if all the premises are true, it is obvious that the conclusion of a sound or strong argument is true. It is obvious that any human with reason should accept the conclusion of a sound or strong argument. A few more differences between inductive and deductive arguments are the wording and the ability to use special abilities to distinguish between a good or bad logic arguments. A deductive argument states that it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true. These require necessary reason. An inductive argument states that it is improbable for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true. They include probabilistic reasoning. There are key words in argument that play a key role in determining if the argument is Inductive or Deductive. A deductive argument could include different words such as necessarily, certainly, absolutely, or definitely (Hurley, P. A Concise Introduction to Logic   11/e, 2012, 33). Inductive arguments probably include words such as probably, improbable, plausible, implausible, likely, or unlikely (Hurley, 33). Deductive arguments have many different forms. These forms are usually considered a deductive argument but each can be considered on a case-by-case bases. Arguments that usually include mathematics, definitions, or syllogism are considered deductive. There are also different forms of syllogism. Categorical, hypothetical and disjunctive are three that were taught. Inductive arguments also contain different forms and those include: predictions, analogies, generalizations, authorities, signs, and casual inference. Some arguments become hard to determine which is deductive and which is inductive (Hurley, P. A Concise Introduction to Logic  11/e, 2012, 34). There is a list of steps to follow just like the order of operations in math. First, does the premise provide absolute support for the conclusion? If so this is a deductive argument. Next, if an argument has a specific deductive character or form. It is obviously deductive. The third indicator is having an inductive character or form. This would be considered an inductive argument. The fourth factor is that it could contain inductive language such as the list of words above. The next indicator is if it contains deductive language. The last factor is if the premise provides only probable support for the conclusion. It can truly be difficult to determine between inductive and deductive arguments if they are incomplete and not in a correct form (Hurley, 36). There are definitely differences between inductive and deductive arguments. The best way to determine if it is inductive or deductive is to follow the six rules. It is much easier to determine if the argument is in a correct form and logical. The wording of each is very important and their definitions of being cogent, strong, valid, or sound is a very good way of determining the type of argument. BIBLOGRAPHY Parsons, Terence 2012, the Traditional Square of Opposition. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/square/) Retrieved Feb. 2, 2013. Smith, Mathew 2012, Logical Argument, (http://www. actdu. org. au/archives/actein_site/logarg__. html) Retrieved Feb. 2 2013. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2007, Argument. (http://www. actdu. org. au/archives/actein_site/logarg__. html) Retrieved Jan. 30, 2013. Hurley, P. 2012,  A Concise Introduction to Logic 11/e. Retrieved Jan. 31, 2013. How to cite Inductive and Deductive Agruments, Essay examples

Organizational Need of Maintaining Secrecy †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Need of Maintaining Secrecy. Answer: Reasons for the secrecy in the strategic planning The growth of the multinationals is based on the strategies that are being implemented in themanagement of the organization. The organizations consider the sustenance and growth of the organization in the market. the factors that supports the growth helps in making the functions effective. It helps in retaining the market (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2012). The strategies that are being formulated by the organizations help in determining the contingencies and thereby solve them. The strategies that are being formulated by the organization is kept as a secret for various reasons, failing to do which might lead the firm to face discrepancies in the market. The report analyses the importance of the planning procedure and thereby understand the requirements of the organization to keep its strategies as a secret. The growth of the organization is based on the strategies that are being formulated based on the issues that the company faces. While formulating the strategies, the company undertakes an analysis, which determines the needs of the consumers. The concerned company for the report, The Sultan Centre aims at securing its strategic plans in order to grow in the international markets. Planning helps in the development of the organizations in their respective sectors. It determines the market that the company holds in this relation. Proper planning, based on the requirements of the change undertaken by the company, ensures its progress in the market. The organizations consideration is based on the progress that it plans for its development and sustenance in the market (Peppard and Ward 2016). The reasons that justify the actions of secrecy undertaken by the company are being discussed in this section of the report. The firm does not undertake free distribution of the strategies in order to retain the uniqueness of their strategic planning. The uniqueness in the strategic planning helps the company in undertaking steps for its progress. It provides the company with a competitive advantage over the competitors in the market. The main function of the strategy that is being framed by the organization is based on the information or feedback that it receives and the implementation of the strategies to resolve the issues. Moreover, the free distribution of the strategies can also result to competitive intelligence. According to Wheelen and Hunger (2017), the distribution of the strategies in the higher executive levels might result to leaks. There might be a breach in the job responsibility with the knowledge of the strategy and therefore the competing firms might lure away the high-level executives of the organization. It will help the competitors in gaining an advantage over the company. The rivals might exploit the concerned companys capabilities and thereby challenge the company in the market. On the other hand, Gamble and Thompson (2014) believed that the free flow of the strategies in the internal structure of the organization helps ion the implementation of the strategy. It enables the group functioning and thereby make use of the communication to make the people aware of the decisions. It helps in framing the organizational goals of the organization and take steps to execute the planning process. The awareness that is being created through the free flow of the strategies helps the organization in undertaking the change more efficiently. The organizations focus more on the improvements that it undertakes in order to cope up with the changes in the business environment. According to Goetsch and Davis (2014), secrecy of the strategies undertaken by the company also helps in avoiding the criticism and the second opinion where the strategies are required to be revised. In order to understand the situation more vividly, the company might make use of the secrecy in order to avoid the chances of the criticism, which might affect the planning process of the organization. The variation in the mindset of the people and the outlook of the people affects the strategies, if disclosed. It makes the planning process ambiguous and vague. Therefore, in order to avoid the situation, the companies must not reveal their strategies to the high-level executives of the organization. On the other hand, Kinicki and Kreitner (2012) believed that the free flow of information and the strategies helps in inviting opinions for the betterment of the firm. The variety of opinions helps the organization in taking the most appropriate step for the success of the organization. It helps in determining the most important part of the organizational improvement. Through proper communicational practices, the organization makes use of the strategies through thorough revision of the strategies before implementing them. The concerned company for this report aims at making a change in their line of products in order to hold on to the market. it helps them in determining the sustenance of the organization. Therefore, the firm takes steps in order to make use of the strategies to make improvements in the market. Duplicity is again another factor that makes the firms undertake decisions to maintain the secrecy of the strategies. The formulation of the strategies is based on the firms requirement of growth and expansion. The process of growth might be hindered due to the duplicity that might be undertaken by the high-level executives of the organization. It helps in making the most of the practices undertaken by the organization. The duplicity might affect the progress of the organization and thereby affect the market. According to Sakas, Vlachos and Nasiopoulos (2014), the duplicity of the information results to the loss of the productivity. The concerned company therefore restricts the flow of the strategies undertaken by the organization. The duplicity in the organizational structure results to serious issues in the progress planned by the organization. On the other hand, Kapferer (2012) believes that the free flow of information or the strategies helps in strengthening the work force. It helps in making the work force aware of the changes undertaken by the organization. Therefore, the awareness that is been created through the passage of the strategies helps in determining the objectives of the organization. It helps the company in undertaking the possible steps for improvements. The improvements made by the organizations are based on the strategies that are being undertaken by the organization. The organization can bring in the changes based on the requirements of the consumers. The strategies that are being undertaken by the concerned company are aimed at improving the organizational situation of the company. Mechanisms of Sustenance The different steps that the company can formulate in order to ensure the sustenance of the organization in the market are being discussed in this section of the report. Every organization has a life of its own, in order to sustain the organization in the market, certain mechanisms are being undertaken. Long term vision The long-term vision of the organization deals with the objectives that the company must consider while undertaking the process of their growth. Setting an objective helps in the undertaking of the progressive functions of the organization (Foss and Hallberg 2014). It helps the organization in making use of the workforce in order to ensure the smooth functioning of the organization is being undertaken and the common goal of the organization is reached. The continuous development undertaken by the concerned company will help the company in sustaining the existence in the market. The long-term vision of the company helps in undertaking the contingency planning as it helps in supporting the organization in the time of crisis. It also helps in taking steps that helps in the progress of the organization. Integrating Sustainability in all the projects The sustainability of the projects helps the organization in undertaking the sustainable approach. The sustainable approach of the organization helps in determining the progress of the organization. Making the projects sustainable helps in undertaking partnerships and collaborations with the other companies helps the concerned company in making sustenance in the market. Communication Processes The communication process undertaken by the organization is based on the requirements of the organization to connect to the internal and the external stakeholders of the business. The choice of the communication channels plays an important role in bringing about the desirable change in the structure of the organization (Daley 2012). The concerned organization aims at meeting the requirements of the organization to keep the people aware of the situation of the company and their undertakings. The communication process of the company greatly affects the sustainability of the company in the market. Stakeholders approach Stakeholders of the company help in the growth and the expansion of the organization. it helps in undertaking the change in the organization based on the requirements of the consumers and their respective demands. The companys relation with its stakeholders affects the growth of the organization. Steyn (2012) believed that the stakeholders holds the key to the companys success and helps the organization in making improvements in the structure. The stakeholders of the company contribute to the growth of the company. Therefore, the companys good relation with the stakeholders is an important step taken by the organization in order to bring about the change. The feedback of the external stakeholders of the company helps in understanding the changing trends and thereby helps the company in bringing the desired change. A continuous change is the most important criterion considered by the organization in order to survive in a competitive market situation. Therefore, the changes that is being undertaken by the organization based on the requirements helps the organization in sustenance in the market. References Daley, D.M., 2012. Strategic human resources management.Public Personnel Management, pp.120-125. Foss, N.J. and Hallberg, N.L., 2014. How symmetrical assumptions advancestrategic management research.Strategic Management Journal,35(6), pp.903-913. Gamble, J.E. and Thompson, A.A., 2014.Essentials of strategic management. Irwin Mcgraw-Hill. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R.E., 2012.Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Kapferer, J.N., 2012.The new strategic brand management: Advanced insights and strategic thinking. Kogan page publishers. Kinicki, A. and Kreitner, R., 2012.Organizational behavior: Key concepts, skills best practices. McGraw-Hill Irwin. Peppard, J. and Ward, J., 2016.The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Sakas, D., Vlachos, D. and Nasiopoulos, D., 2014. Modelling strategic management for the development of competitive advantage, based on technology.Journal of Systems and Information Technology,16(3), pp.187-209. Sakas, D., Vlachos, D. and Nasiopoulos, D., 2014. Modelling strategic management for the development of competitive advantage, based on technology.Journal of Systems and Information Technology,16(3), pp.187-209. Steyn, B., 2012.Strategic management roles of the corporate communication function(Doctoral dissertation). Wheelen, T.L. and Hunger, J.D., 2017.Strategic management and business policy. pearson.

Conference Financial Markets And Corporate â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Conference Financial Markets And Corporate? Answer: Introduction IAS 36 deals with the impairment of both the tangible and the intangible assets. As per the IAS, an asset should not be arried in the books at more than the recoverable value., i.e., the higher of the value in use or the fair value of the asset less cost of disposal of the asset. The company needs to check for the potential impairment in the value of the asset if the conditions exist for the same. Goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite lives should be assessed annually for impairment. The need for impairment arises because the assets needs to be reported only to the extent they actually exist in reality. (Buchanan, et al., 2017) In case the single asset is not being able to generate revenue, then the smallest possible group of asset or the class of asset which would be able to generate the revenue independently would be analysed for impairment. Once the impairment is done, the same needs to be extensively disclosed in the financials disclosures with the test and the los s recorded. Further impairment loss already recognised in the previous period may be required to be reversed if the estimated for determining the recoverable value change. The indicators which are used for the assessment of impairment are classified into 2 categories, namely internal and external factors. IAS 36 is applicable on the plant and machinery, land and building, furniture and fixture, intangible assets, goodwill and investment in other companies or subsidiaries. However, IAS 36 does not applies to deferred tax assets, assets which arise from employement benefits, inventories, assets out of construction contracts, agricultural assets, financial assets, and non current assets being held for sale. (kabir, et al., 2017) Concepts of recoverable value, value in use and the fair value A company needs to check on periodically whether the indicators for impairment of assets exist or not. In case the indicators do exists, then the recoverable amount needs to be calculated for comparison with the carrying value. External indicators includes changing taste, fashion, preferences and technology, increase in the market interest rates, net assets of the company being carried at more than the market capitalization or decline in the market value. Internal factors which may be attributable to the impairment can be asset is lying idle or there is greater obsolescence on the asset or the economic benefit that can be derived from the asset is low or the carrying amount to be invested in the investee or subsidiary company is lower than income earned by such company. The list is just an illustrative list and is not exhaustive.(Das, 2017) The recoverable value of the asset is higher of the value in use of the asset or the fair value of the asset less cost of disposal. To calculate the impairment, assets recoverable amount needs to be compared with the carrying value of the asset, differential being recognised as impairment loss. Depending on the circumstances the recoverable value may have to be calculated for a single asset or a group or class of assets called cash generating unit. (Goldmann, 2016) Value in use may be defned as the present value of future cash flows expected to be generated out of the asset or a CGU using a rate of interest. This maily includes 2 variables: Cash Flow Projections: the expected cash flows that can be earned from the asset or the CGU has to be estimated, the time lag or the timings of the cash flows. The projections should be realistic and based on relevant supportings and reasonable assumptions by the management, it should be based the figures in the latest financial statements or budgets or forecasts. (Fay Negangard, 2017) Also, there cash flows should be exclusive of any major capital expenditure or overhaul cost that the company may be planning to invest in the near future. In case the time range to be used is high, extrapolation should be used beyond 5 years as per the AS. The 2nd most important input is the rate of discount. The rate used should be pre tax discount rate as per the current market conditions and should account for risk on the asset, it should also include the uncertainity element on cash flow from the asset and also the illiquidity factor. IT should be the rate which the investors would be expecting when they make an investment in the project or the rate at which the company would have borrowed the funds from the market to buy that particular asset. (Mahapatra, et al., 2017) Besides all the above considerations, the company should compare the forecast with the previous years estimations or forecast and in case they find there is an overstatement or understatement, the same should be immediately adjusted in the cash flows. All in all, the cash flows should be the weighted average of all the possible outcomes.(J, 2016) Lastly the fair value of the asset is the amount that can be obtained by the sale of asset at the arms length price to a knowledgeable and willing party, less the cost of dispoing the same. (Meroo-Cerdn, et al., 2017) The fair value can be determined in accordance with IFRS 13 or the price which would have been there in the binding sale agreement or the price the asset would have fetched if traded in the active market or in the absence of both the above information, the amount which the entity could extract based on the best information available. In case none of the above information is available, the fair value can ve determined using the discounted cash flow technique. The cost of disposal should include all the transaction cost and other direct cost attributable to its disposal. Conclusion We saw how the recoverable value, the value in use and the fair value less cost of disposal needs to be calculated and what all factors needs to be taken into consideration. However, in case the fair value cannot be ascertained in the absence of information, the value in use becomes the recoverable value and same needs to be compared with the carrying value of the asset. All the important assumptions on the discount rate, methodology of estimating the cash flows, the amount of impairment loss and the amount of depreciation to be adjusted in future needs to be disclosed in the financials statements. References Buchanan, B., Cao, C., Liljeblom, E. Weihrich, S., 2017. Taxation and Dividend Policy: The Muting Effect of Agency Issues and Shareholder Conflicts. Journal of Corporate Finance, Volume 42, pp. 179-197. Das, P., 2017. Financing Pattern and Utilization of Fixed Assets - A Study. Asian Journal of Social Science Studies, 2(2), pp. 10-17. Fay, R. Negangard, E., 2017. Manual journal entry testing : Data analytics and the risk of fraud. Journal of Accounting Education, Volume 38, pp. 37-49. Goldmann, K., 2016. Financial Liquidity and Profitability Management in Practice of Polish Business. Financial Environment and Business Development, Volume 4, pp. 103-112. J, G., 2016. Principles of Australian Contract Law. Australia: Lexis Nexis. kabir, H., Rahman, A. Su, L., 2017. The Association between Goodwill Impairment Loss and Goodwill Impairment Test-Related Disclosures in Australia. 8th Conference on Financial Markets and Corporate Governance (FMCG) 2017, pp. 1-32. Mahapatra, S., Levental, S. Narasimhan, R., 2017. Market price uncertainty, risk aversion and procurement: Combining contracts and open market sourcing alternatives. International Journal of Production Economics, pp. 34-51. Meroo-Cerdn, A., Lopez-Nicolas, C. Molina-Castillo, F., 2017. Risk aversion, innovation and performance in family firms. Economics of Innovation and new technology, pp. 1-15.